Which of the following indicates a significant difference in the goodness of fit test?

In the context of the goodness of fit test, identifying a significant difference is centered around the relationship between expected and observed frequencies in a dataset. A significant mismatch between expected and observed counts is crucial because it indicates that the model or distribution being tested does not accurately represent the data.

When you observe that the actual counts collected in the sample significantly differ from what was predicted (the expected counts), this suggests that the model lacks fit and that there may be factors at play that have not been accounted for in the hypothesis being tested. Thus, such a significant mismatch reveals the extent of the deviation, which the chi-square statistic essentially measures.

On the contrary, a low chi-square value, a high p-value, or an even distribution in expected counts would each suggest a lack of significant difference or fit, which is the opposite of what is needed to indicate a significant mismatch in the goodness of fit test.