What does operationalization refer to in research methodology?

Operationalization refers to the process of defining variables in measurable terms, which is crucial in research methodology. This involves taking abstract concepts, such as intelligence or anxiety, and translating them into specific, measurable variables that can be systematically observed or quantified.

By clearly operationalizing variables, researchers ensure that their studies can be reliably and validly tested. For example, if a researcher wants to study happiness, operationalization might involve using a specific questionnaire that quantifies happiness on a numerical scale. This way, the variable is not only defined but also allows for accurate measurement and comparison across studies.

The other options, while related to aspects of research methodology, do not correctly describe operationalization. For instance, collecting qualitative data doesn’t specifically address how variables are defined for measurement. Similarly, providing theoretical explanations pertains to the interpretation of data rather than establishing the metrics used to assess the variables. Summarizing data, while essential in data analysis, is a distinct phase of research that comes after variables have been measured and does not reflect the initial step of operationalization.